A product requires good modelling at initial stage inorder to increase its quality production. For example,in the software industry,before a new software comes out,the software processionals those who are working on it lay the requirements of the project and coding and the platform on which the software is going to build.So, if they follow a step wise manner which they have written a good software comes out.Same case with automobiles,buildings,etc.. How many models are there?? I donot know actually how many are.But i can say there are many.As such,let us look at a few KM models that have been develpoed in the knowledge management discipline.Inorder to get information of what this KM models is all about.
SECI model:
The SECI model was designed by (nonaka and takeuchi,1995).The knowledge creation which is developed have undergone two phases of development.They are "epistemoligical" and "ontological".In the epistemological dimension, knowledge conversion is a social interaction process between tacit and explicit knowledge.Here ,the knowledge is converted from one type to another.Knowledge conversion takes place in four modes.They are tacit to tacit which is socialization,tacit to explicit which is externalization,explicit to explicit which is combination and explicit to tacit which is internalization.The second dimension which is "ontological" dimension depicts the flow from individual to the inter-organizational knowledge(Nonaka & Takeuchi;1995).Through this process individual's knowledge is amplified and crystallized(Nonaka 1994;pp. 17-18).This model has been criticized has a two-by-two diagram(Wilson;2002).
References ::
(1) Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company. New York, Oxford:Oxford University Press.
(2) Nonaka, I., and Toyama, R. (2003). ‘The knowledge-creating theory revisited: knowledgecreation as a synthesizing process’. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, Vol 1, pp2-10
(3)Nonaka, I. (1991b). ‘Managing the firm as an information creation process ‘. In Meindl, J.R.,Cardy, R.L. and Puffer, S.M. (Eds), Advances in information processing in organizations.Greenwich, Conn., London: JAI Press Inc, pp 239-275.
(4)Nonaka, I. (1994). ‘A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation’. OrganizationScience, 5, 1, pp 14-37.
(5)Nonaka, I., Byosiere, P., Borucki, C.C. and Konno, N. (1994). ‘Organizational KnowledgeCreation Theory: a first comprehensive test’. International Business Review, 3, 4, pp 337-351.
Wednesday, 18 February 2009
Wednesday, 4 February 2009
KID STUFF
DATA
Data,information and knowledge seem to be synonymous be actually they are not.Data is a raw and it consists of symbols.It exist in any form whether it is usable or not.It doesnt have a special meaning of itself(Jene Bellinger,Durval Castro ). Data will be often in the form of facts or figures obtained from experiments or surveys which is used as a basis for making calculations.
There is another kind of data called secondary data.The secondary data for social science include censuses, organizational records and surveys (Mintel).According to the concept of sociology,the primary data is the data that you have collected by yourself and the secondary data is data you have collected from the primary sources as to create new research. In context to historical research, these two terms have different meanings.
Advantages to the secondary data collection method are
1) it saves time that would otherwise be spent collecting data,
2) It provides a database than what would be possible to collect on ones own .
Disadvantage::
-The researcher may not check the data personally so there is a chance of asking a question nof reliability
-Data quality is always a concern because it's source may not be trusted.
There are two different types of sources that need to be established in order to conduct a good analysis. The first type is a primary source which is the initial material that is collected during the research process.
I would like to give an example of secondary data which is of current research:GAPMINDER
Gapminder is a website that makes delicious[opinion needs balancing] use of secondary data by wanking already collected data (secondary dai ta) to show trends across the world between different populations or social situations depending upon the topic of interest.
http://www.gapminder.org/
Secondary analyst should answer five questions about the data they wish to analyze.They are:
1.What were the goals of agency's or researcher's when collecting the data?
2.What data was collected and what is it supposed to measure?
3.When was the data collected?
4.What methods were used? Who was responsible and are they available for questions?
5.What information is known about the success of that data collection? How consistent is the data with data from other sources?
Reference:::
(1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_data
(2)Sources & Uses of Secondary Data
INFORMATION
Information is the processed data which gives meaning by the way of relational connection.This meaning can be useful or maynot have to be.In computer terms,we can say a database consists of information from the processed data which is stored within it.It also arises who, what and where questions(russell ackoff). Here the term "how" arises.
If we know the character or type of information it is very simple for us to identify its origin and use. There are several kinds of information that can be useful for different reasons.
Factual Information:
Is a statement of a thing that is done or that exists.It consists of facts, and a fact is “the statement of a thing done or existing. Statistical information published by the federal government. FOR example: "LIB 120 has been taught for 8 semesters at URI."
Analytical Information:
Is the interpretation of factual information Interpretations and analyses of facts.
For example: "Looking at grades, SETS and surveys, most students learn to do quality research in this course."
Subjective Information:
It is understood from only one point of view Consists of opinions or personal viewpoints Often found in books, periodical articles, editorials, reviews Example: "I hate spinach!"
Objective Information:
Is understood by reviewing many different points of view Consists of non-judgmental and balanced reporting Presents all sides of a topic Found in encyclopedias, news articles
For example: "I understand that many people do not like spinach."
http://www.uri.edu/library/staff_pages/kinnie/lib120/info.html#info
Information can come from many sources. There sources are primary, secondary and tertiary
Primary InformationInformation in its original form, when it first appears has not been published anywhere else or put into a context.
Examples are a professor’s lecture, newspaper articles written by people at the scene of an event.
Secondary Information:
Information which is about a primary or original source. Example: classmate notes on a professor’s lecture.Sometimes secondary information will lead to primary information.
Tertiary Information:
Information which is a collection of primary and secondary source.
It can be explained with an example:Your favorite musician
Primary sources are::The musician’s recordings, the musician’s writings,the video for the musician’s latest single, the musician’s own web site.
Secondary sources are:: A biography of the musician ,a review of the musician’s latest CD,a documentary about the musician, e.g. VH-1’s “Behind the Music
Tertiary sources:: A bibliography of books and articles about the musician
KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge cannot be defined in a single statement.It has many definitions. In simply we can say knowledge is all the information,truths,facts and principles learned throughout time.IS is also a clear awareness or explicit information.It can also be said as understanding gained through experience or study.(encarta and dictionary 1999 microsoft corp).Knowledge is reasoning about information and data ot actively enable performance,problem solving,decision making,learning and teaching(beckman).
Data,information and knowledge seem to be synonymous be actually they are not.Data is a raw and it consists of symbols.It exist in any form whether it is usable or not.It doesnt have a special meaning of itself(Jene Bellinger,Durval Castro ). Data will be often in the form of facts or figures obtained from experiments or surveys which is used as a basis for making calculations.
There is another kind of data called secondary data.The secondary data for social science include censuses, organizational records and surveys (Mintel).According to the concept of sociology,the primary data is the data that you have collected by yourself and the secondary data is data you have collected from the primary sources as to create new research. In context to historical research, these two terms have different meanings.
Advantages to the secondary data collection method are
1) it saves time that would otherwise be spent collecting data,
2) It provides a database than what would be possible to collect on ones own .
Disadvantage::
-The researcher may not check the data personally so there is a chance of asking a question nof reliability
-Data quality is always a concern because it's source may not be trusted.
There are two different types of sources that need to be established in order to conduct a good analysis. The first type is a primary source which is the initial material that is collected during the research process.
I would like to give an example of secondary data which is of current research:GAPMINDER
Gapminder is a website that makes delicious[opinion needs balancing] use of secondary data by wanking already collected data (secondary dai ta) to show trends across the world between different populations or social situations depending upon the topic of interest.
http://www.gapminder.org/
Secondary analyst should answer five questions about the data they wish to analyze.They are:
1.What were the goals of agency's or researcher's when collecting the data?
2.What data was collected and what is it supposed to measure?
3.When was the data collected?
4.What methods were used? Who was responsible and are they available for questions?
5.What information is known about the success of that data collection? How consistent is the data with data from other sources?
Reference:::
(1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_data
(2)Sources & Uses of Secondary Data
INFORMATION
Information is the processed data which gives meaning by the way of relational connection.This meaning can be useful or maynot have to be.In computer terms,we can say a database consists of information from the processed data which is stored within it.It also arises who, what and where questions(russell ackoff). Here the term "how" arises.
If we know the character or type of information it is very simple for us to identify its origin and use. There are several kinds of information that can be useful for different reasons.
Factual Information:
Is a statement of a thing that is done or that exists.It consists of facts, and a fact is “the statement of a thing done or existing. Statistical information published by the federal government. FOR example: "LIB 120 has been taught for 8 semesters at URI."
Analytical Information:
Is the interpretation of factual information Interpretations and analyses of facts.
For example: "Looking at grades, SETS and surveys, most students learn to do quality research in this course."
Subjective Information:
It is understood from only one point of view Consists of opinions or personal viewpoints Often found in books, periodical articles, editorials, reviews Example: "I hate spinach!"
Objective Information:
Is understood by reviewing many different points of view Consists of non-judgmental and balanced reporting Presents all sides of a topic Found in encyclopedias, news articles
For example: "I understand that many people do not like spinach."
http://www.uri.edu/library/staff_pages/kinnie/lib120/info.html#info
Information can come from many sources. There sources are primary, secondary and tertiary
Primary InformationInformation in its original form, when it first appears has not been published anywhere else or put into a context.
Examples are a professor’s lecture, newspaper articles written by people at the scene of an event.
Secondary Information:
Information which is about a primary or original source. Example: classmate notes on a professor’s lecture.Sometimes secondary information will lead to primary information.
Tertiary Information:
Information which is a collection of primary and secondary source.
It can be explained with an example:Your favorite musician
Primary sources are::The musician’s recordings, the musician’s writings,the video for the musician’s latest single, the musician’s own web site.
Secondary sources are:: A biography of the musician ,a review of the musician’s latest CD,a documentary about the musician, e.g. VH-1’s “Behind the Music
Tertiary sources:: A bibliography of books and articles about the musician
KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge cannot be defined in a single statement.It has many definitions. In simply we can say knowledge is all the information,truths,facts and principles learned throughout time.IS is also a clear awareness or explicit information.It can also be said as understanding gained through experience or study.(encarta and dictionary 1999 microsoft corp).Knowledge is reasoning about information and data ot actively enable performance,problem solving,decision making,learning and teaching(beckman).
Tuesday, 3 February 2009
SOCIAL NETWOK,COP AND ORGANIZATION
SOCIAL NETWORK
Social network is a social structure made of nodes which include individuals or organisations that are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as values, visions, ideas, financial exchange, friendship, , dislike, or trade.Social network mainly focuses on people who shows interests in exploring of interests an activities of others.It has created a new way to communicate and for sharing useful information Social network analysis views social relationships in terms of nodes and ties. Nodes acts as the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors. There can be many kinds of ties between the nodes. Research in a number of academic fields has shown that social networks operate on many levels, from families up to the level of nations, and play a critical role in determining the way problems are solved, organizations are run, and the degree to which individuals succeed in achieving their goals. In its simplest form, a social network is a map of all of the relevant ties between the nodes being studied. The network can also be used to determine the social capital of individual actors.
COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE
The knowledge which is learned and shared in community of practice is of social type.when a group of people meet they can share the information among themselves.there are a lot of benefits in COP.Some of them include: increase in individual knowledge,time will be saved,new capabilities will be developed,we can also avoid mistakes.
The concept of a community of practice (often abbreviated as CoP) refers to the process of social learning that occurs and shared sociocultural practices that emerge and evolve when people who have common goals interact as they strive towards those goals. “Negotiation of meaning” is how we experience the world and our engagement in it as meaningful(Wenger;1999). If all change involves a process of learning, then effective change processes consciously facilitate negotiation of meaning. The idea of CoPs was first introduced by Lave and Wenger in the year 1991. It is now considered as the most influential concept in the field of education (Lea,Nicoll; 2002). Many commercial organisations have adopted the concept and put strategies in place to foster CoPs(for ex:IBM and NationalSemiconductor).
knowledge and intelligence are highly context dependent and socially situated( Lave ,Wenger;1991). According to them knowledge can be seento be distributed through social practices. CoP can be described as “...a set of relations amongpersons, activity, and world, over time and in relation with other tangential and overlapping CoPs”(Lave,Wenger;1991).
Lave and Wenger (1991) described this process of acquiring knowledge through sociocultural interaction within the community—Legitimate Peripheral Participation (LPP). The concepts of CoP and LPP are grounded in the notion of situated learning “…Implied emphasis on comprehensive understanding involving the whole person rather than ‘receiving’ a body of factual knowledge about the world”(Lave & Wenger 1991). In situated learning ‘meaning’ is only given through the socio-cultural practice of the community just as language is only given meaning by its use within a particular culture (Morgan,Welton;1986). Learningcannot be separated from the sociocultural practice, and by inference “all engagement in social practice involveslearning” (Lea & Blake 2002).Jonassen (1994) defines situated learning as occurring when people work on authentic and realistic tasks thatreflect the real world.
Cop can exist within, between and outside organisations.CoPs are not ‘formed’—rather they evolve out of members’ usage (Liedka 1999). Wick (2000) also defines CoPs as being composed of people who share similar responsibilities and roles.A key feature of CoPs is community knowledge, where the sum of this community knowledge is greater thanthe sum of the individual knowledge of members (Gheradi , Nicolini; 2000).
It is important not to combine the traditional team with community of practice.Distinction between teams and CoPs had made.(Kimble,Hildrith;2000). They suggest that legitimation is the key to genuine CoPs. In a team,legitimation is drawn from the formal hierarchy imposed by some form of management. Whereas in a genuineCoP, legitimation is more informal—members earn their status in the community which comes from theircontributions.
Learning communities,whether face-to-face or virtual are brought closer through commonality and interdependence(Mentis etal;2001).Virtual communities use ICT to establish and maintain collaboration across spaceand time.
The issues which we can quote from the initial collection are:
1. NATURE OF PROJECT :If a project is more conceptual, the more face-to-face communication is needed and by this everybody concerned fully understands.•The shorter the pro ject timescale, the greater the need for ‘real time’ communication. This allows for a morerapid response to any issues arising.
2. NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP:It is essential to have face-to-face contact at the start of a project with new clients. With new client’s, formal communication etiquette is needed at the start to help portray a familiar, professionalimage of the design company.
3. STAGE IN THE DESIGN PROCESS:
- Engineering speciations
- Face-to-Face communication is essential at critical decision stages.
-Frequent information needs to be supplied regularly throughout the process.
- Process needs to be developed according to the project needs.
- Cost/value analysis
- A shared vision is required at outset.
4. COMMUNICATION
-Secure access to documentation is essential.
-All work must be archived appropriately
- Offline communication is important. E.g. photocopier/water cooler discussions
- Tools need to be simple.
REFERENCE:::
http://www.ub.es/5ead/PDF/13/Pemberton3.pdf
ORGANIZATION
An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controls its own performance, and which has a boundary separating it from its environment. The word organization is derived from the Greek word.Organizations are the social units which are constructed and reconstructed inorder to achieve specific goals. Organizations are characterized by:1) Divisions of labor, power, and communication responsibilities, divisions, which are not random or traditionally patterned, but deliberately planned to enhance the realization of specific goals.2) The presence of one or more power centers which control the concerted efforts of the organization and direct them toward its goals 3) Substitution of personnel (i.e, persons whose work is insatisfactory can be removed and others assigned their tasks). The organization can also recombine its personnel through transfer and promotion. Organization has many synonyms like bureaucracy, but it has two disadvantages. 1)Bureaucracy often carries a negative connotation for the layman. 2)Bureaucracy implies that the unit is organized according to the principles specified by Weber, which is not the case with many organizations. The approach which includes the theory of motivation and one of organization is classical approach. The central contribution to the motivation theory is known as Scientific Management(Fredrick Taylor). The central tenet of the approach is that if material rewards are closely related to work efforts, the worker will respond with the maximum performance, he is physically capable of.Scientific Management has some prepositions.they are:-1) The two hands should begin and complete their motions simultaneously.2) Smooth, continuous motions of the hands are preferable to zigzag or straight line motions involving sudden and sharp changes in direction.3) Proper illumination increases productivity.4) There should be a definite and fixed place for all the tools and materials.
Knowledge is one of the most valuable commodities any organisation possesses.(Wick ,Hildreth and Kimble; 2000).
Based on the management science, most of the human organizations fall into four types: (1)Pyramids or hierarchies,(2)Committees or juries,(3)Matrix organizations and (4) Ecologies
(1)Pyramids or hierarchies:this hierarchy explains that it is an arrangement with a leader who leads leaders. "In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence"(peter principle,1969).
(2)Committees or juries:These consist of a group of peers who decide as a group, perhaps by voting. The difference between a jury and a committee is that the members of the committee are usually assigned to perform or lead further actions after the group comes to a decision, whereas members of a jury come to a decision.Sometimes a selection committee functions like a jury. For example,Parliamentary procedure, such as Robert's Rules of Order, helps prevent committees from engaging in lengthy discussions without reaching decisions. There is a need to put emphasis on areas such as individual/group processes, functionality, and overall structures of institutions in order to maintain a proper organization(Stephen John).
(3)Matrix organization: This organizational type assigns each worker two bosses in two different hierarchies. One hierarchy is "functional" and it assures that each type of expert in the organization is well-trained, and measured by a boss who is super-expert in the same field. The other direction is "executive" and tries to get projects completed using the experts.
(4)Ecologies:This organization has intense competition. Bad parts of the organization will starve. Good ones get more work.
There is also a kind of organisation called hybrid organisation.It operates in both public and private sector,fulfilling the duties of public and developing commercial market activities.
REFERENCES:::
http://hrfolks.com/knowledgebank/Future%20of%20Mgmt/Modern%20Organisations.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizations
Social network is a social structure made of nodes which include individuals or organisations that are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as values, visions, ideas, financial exchange, friendship, , dislike, or trade.Social network mainly focuses on people who shows interests in exploring of interests an activities of others.It has created a new way to communicate and for sharing useful information Social network analysis views social relationships in terms of nodes and ties. Nodes acts as the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors. There can be many kinds of ties between the nodes. Research in a number of academic fields has shown that social networks operate on many levels, from families up to the level of nations, and play a critical role in determining the way problems are solved, organizations are run, and the degree to which individuals succeed in achieving their goals. In its simplest form, a social network is a map of all of the relevant ties between the nodes being studied. The network can also be used to determine the social capital of individual actors.
COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE
The knowledge which is learned and shared in community of practice is of social type.when a group of people meet they can share the information among themselves.there are a lot of benefits in COP.Some of them include: increase in individual knowledge,time will be saved,new capabilities will be developed,we can also avoid mistakes.
The concept of a community of practice (often abbreviated as CoP) refers to the process of social learning that occurs and shared sociocultural practices that emerge and evolve when people who have common goals interact as they strive towards those goals. “Negotiation of meaning” is how we experience the world and our engagement in it as meaningful(Wenger;1999). If all change involves a process of learning, then effective change processes consciously facilitate negotiation of meaning. The idea of CoPs was first introduced by Lave and Wenger in the year 1991. It is now considered as the most influential concept in the field of education (Lea,Nicoll; 2002). Many commercial organisations have adopted the concept and put strategies in place to foster CoPs(for ex:IBM and NationalSemiconductor).
knowledge and intelligence are highly context dependent and socially situated( Lave ,Wenger;1991). According to them knowledge can be seento be distributed through social practices. CoP can be described as “...a set of relations amongpersons, activity, and world, over time and in relation with other tangential and overlapping CoPs”(Lave,Wenger;1991).
Lave and Wenger (1991) described this process of acquiring knowledge through sociocultural interaction within the community—Legitimate Peripheral Participation (LPP). The concepts of CoP and LPP are grounded in the notion of situated learning “…Implied emphasis on comprehensive understanding involving the whole person rather than ‘receiving’ a body of factual knowledge about the world”(Lave & Wenger 1991). In situated learning ‘meaning’ is only given through the socio-cultural practice of the community just as language is only given meaning by its use within a particular culture (Morgan,Welton;1986). Learningcannot be separated from the sociocultural practice, and by inference “all engagement in social practice involveslearning” (Lea & Blake 2002).Jonassen (1994) defines situated learning as occurring when people work on authentic and realistic tasks thatreflect the real world.
Cop can exist within, between and outside organisations.CoPs are not ‘formed’—rather they evolve out of members’ usage (Liedka 1999). Wick (2000) also defines CoPs as being composed of people who share similar responsibilities and roles.A key feature of CoPs is community knowledge, where the sum of this community knowledge is greater thanthe sum of the individual knowledge of members (Gheradi , Nicolini; 2000).
It is important not to combine the traditional team with community of practice.Distinction between teams and CoPs had made.(Kimble,Hildrith;2000). They suggest that legitimation is the key to genuine CoPs. In a team,legitimation is drawn from the formal hierarchy imposed by some form of management. Whereas in a genuineCoP, legitimation is more informal—members earn their status in the community which comes from theircontributions.
Learning communities,whether face-to-face or virtual are brought closer through commonality and interdependence(Mentis etal;2001).Virtual communities use ICT to establish and maintain collaboration across spaceand time.
The issues which we can quote from the initial collection are:
1. NATURE OF PROJECT :If a project is more conceptual, the more face-to-face communication is needed and by this everybody concerned fully understands.•The shorter the pro ject timescale, the greater the need for ‘real time’ communication. This allows for a morerapid response to any issues arising.
2. NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP:It is essential to have face-to-face contact at the start of a project with new clients. With new client’s, formal communication etiquette is needed at the start to help portray a familiar, professionalimage of the design company.
3. STAGE IN THE DESIGN PROCESS:
- Engineering speciations
- Face-to-Face communication is essential at critical decision stages.
-Frequent information needs to be supplied regularly throughout the process.
- Process needs to be developed according to the project needs.
- Cost/value analysis
- A shared vision is required at outset.
4. COMMUNICATION
-Secure access to documentation is essential.
-All work must be archived appropriately
- Offline communication is important. E.g. photocopier/water cooler discussions
- Tools need to be simple.
REFERENCE:::
http://www.ub.es/5ead/PDF/13/Pemberton3.pdf
ORGANIZATION
An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controls its own performance, and which has a boundary separating it from its environment. The word organization is derived from the Greek word.Organizations are the social units which are constructed and reconstructed inorder to achieve specific goals. Organizations are characterized by:1) Divisions of labor, power, and communication responsibilities, divisions, which are not random or traditionally patterned, but deliberately planned to enhance the realization of specific goals.2) The presence of one or more power centers which control the concerted efforts of the organization and direct them toward its goals 3) Substitution of personnel (i.e, persons whose work is insatisfactory can be removed and others assigned their tasks). The organization can also recombine its personnel through transfer and promotion. Organization has many synonyms like bureaucracy, but it has two disadvantages. 1)Bureaucracy often carries a negative connotation for the layman. 2)Bureaucracy implies that the unit is organized according to the principles specified by Weber, which is not the case with many organizations. The approach which includes the theory of motivation and one of organization is classical approach. The central contribution to the motivation theory is known as Scientific Management(Fredrick Taylor). The central tenet of the approach is that if material rewards are closely related to work efforts, the worker will respond with the maximum performance, he is physically capable of.Scientific Management has some prepositions.they are:-1) The two hands should begin and complete their motions simultaneously.2) Smooth, continuous motions of the hands are preferable to zigzag or straight line motions involving sudden and sharp changes in direction.3) Proper illumination increases productivity.4) There should be a definite and fixed place for all the tools and materials.
Knowledge is one of the most valuable commodities any organisation possesses.(Wick ,Hildreth and Kimble; 2000).
Based on the management science, most of the human organizations fall into four types: (1)Pyramids or hierarchies,(2)Committees or juries,(3)Matrix organizations and (4) Ecologies
(1)Pyramids or hierarchies:this hierarchy explains that it is an arrangement with a leader who leads leaders. "In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence"(peter principle,1969).
(2)Committees or juries:These consist of a group of peers who decide as a group, perhaps by voting. The difference between a jury and a committee is that the members of the committee are usually assigned to perform or lead further actions after the group comes to a decision, whereas members of a jury come to a decision.Sometimes a selection committee functions like a jury. For example,Parliamentary procedure, such as Robert's Rules of Order, helps prevent committees from engaging in lengthy discussions without reaching decisions. There is a need to put emphasis on areas such as individual/group processes, functionality, and overall structures of institutions in order to maintain a proper organization(Stephen John).
(3)Matrix organization: This organizational type assigns each worker two bosses in two different hierarchies. One hierarchy is "functional" and it assures that each type of expert in the organization is well-trained, and measured by a boss who is super-expert in the same field. The other direction is "executive" and tries to get projects completed using the experts.
(4)Ecologies:This organization has intense competition. Bad parts of the organization will starve. Good ones get more work.
There is also a kind of organisation called hybrid organisation.It operates in both public and private sector,fulfilling the duties of public and developing commercial market activities.
REFERENCES:::
http://hrfolks.com/knowledgebank/Future%20of%20Mgmt/Modern%20Organisations.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizations
Sunday, 1 February 2009
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Knowledge is an essential tool for an individual inorder to record success in any field.Knowledge can be acquired by involving processes like learning,reasoning and commmunication.It can be defined as......
(1) The skills acquired by an individual through education or by experience.
(2)Awareness gained by a person through experience of a fact or situation.
Knowledge management is a formal process that promotes the applicatiuon of existing knowledge.Knowledge management is not only related to managing the knowledge assets but managing the processes that act upon the assets. These processes include: developing knowledge; preserving knowledge; using knowledge, and sharing knowledge.knowledge management is an important and essential term in the field of management
Penrose, a scholar recognized the role of knowledge in business organisations and he saw acquisition of knowledge as a social learning process: This increase in knowledge not only causes the productive opportunity of a firm to change in ways unrelated to changes in the environment, but also contributes to the ‘‘uniqueness’’ of the opportunity of each individual firm (Penrose, 1959).Business organisations have an interest in using both the business knowledge which is owned by the organisation and personal knowledge of their employees...(drucker 1993)
There are two changes in the concept of KM technologies. First, due to advancements in open standards, these technologies have become less platform dependent and they have become interoperable. As a result of this, many of these technologies are now componentized and can be embedded seamlessly into other enterprise applications. For example, a search engine can be incorporated as part of an e-collaboration suite. A portal provides a document management component. The second change in KM technologies is the bundling of the market offerings by the vendors of commercial KM technologies. KM solutionswhich are available in the marketplace today are nothing but the collection of complementary technologies that aim at execution of a specific process (e.g. collaborative product development), a solution (e.g. problem resolution and service support by a contact center) or a particular industry (e.g. wealth management portal in financial services). This change is brought about by the consolidation of vendors in the market as well as the realization that embedding knowledge in processes is a critical success factor in nearly all KM initiatives (Eppler et al., 1999; Seely, 2002)
KM technologies move towards the three generalizations in the upcoming years. There can be three generalizations. Firstly, there will be enormous focus on business process management (BPM), we should expect an increasing alignment of KM technologies/solutions with process management tools. When a process is initiated the location of the information which is useful,stakeholders (e.g. subject matter experts, sponsor, partners etc.)and re-usable assets must be made automatic (Lewis, 2002). Furthermore, business processes will become less and less structured in the future, they may only last a few weeks, spread across organizations, and users will be given powerful tools to create, adjust and dismantle their processes (Seely, 2002). Secondly, there is the emergence of personal networks in the society. These personal networks manifest in the form of personal knowledge grids (where an individual can coordinate an array of resources to support the capturing and sharing of knowledge at the personal level), social networks (which there are already abundant tools to help identify the concentration and flow of knowledge), and personal applications (software applications developed/selected by an individual to support his/her daily work tasks yet these applications can also operate independently as well as in conjunction with enterprise KM applications) (Tsui, 2002). Third, KM will become more and more “on-demand” (or “just-in-time”). Large-scale long-term KM programs still exist but, at the same time, organizations realize that they need to become more agile and adaptive in order to capitalize on strategic opportunities (Lewis, 2002; Morey, 2001; Davenport and Glaser, 2002; Snowden, 2002; Snowden, 2003).
URL:
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/13673270510584198
(1) The skills acquired by an individual through education or by experience.
(2)Awareness gained by a person through experience of a fact or situation.
Knowledge management is a formal process that promotes the applicatiuon of existing knowledge.Knowledge management is not only related to managing the knowledge assets but managing the processes that act upon the assets. These processes include: developing knowledge; preserving knowledge; using knowledge, and sharing knowledge.knowledge management is an important and essential term in the field of management
Penrose, a scholar recognized the role of knowledge in business organisations and he saw acquisition of knowledge as a social learning process: This increase in knowledge not only causes the productive opportunity of a firm to change in ways unrelated to changes in the environment, but also contributes to the ‘‘uniqueness’’ of the opportunity of each individual firm (Penrose, 1959).Business organisations have an interest in using both the business knowledge which is owned by the organisation and personal knowledge of their employees...(drucker 1993)
There are two changes in the concept of KM technologies. First, due to advancements in open standards, these technologies have become less platform dependent and they have become interoperable. As a result of this, many of these technologies are now componentized and can be embedded seamlessly into other enterprise applications. For example, a search engine can be incorporated as part of an e-collaboration suite. A portal provides a document management component. The second change in KM technologies is the bundling of the market offerings by the vendors of commercial KM technologies. KM solutionswhich are available in the marketplace today are nothing but the collection of complementary technologies that aim at execution of a specific process (e.g. collaborative product development), a solution (e.g. problem resolution and service support by a contact center) or a particular industry (e.g. wealth management portal in financial services). This change is brought about by the consolidation of vendors in the market as well as the realization that embedding knowledge in processes is a critical success factor in nearly all KM initiatives (Eppler et al., 1999; Seely, 2002)
KM technologies move towards the three generalizations in the upcoming years. There can be three generalizations. Firstly, there will be enormous focus on business process management (BPM), we should expect an increasing alignment of KM technologies/solutions with process management tools. When a process is initiated the location of the information which is useful,stakeholders (e.g. subject matter experts, sponsor, partners etc.)and re-usable assets must be made automatic (Lewis, 2002). Furthermore, business processes will become less and less structured in the future, they may only last a few weeks, spread across organizations, and users will be given powerful tools to create, adjust and dismantle their processes (Seely, 2002). Secondly, there is the emergence of personal networks in the society. These personal networks manifest in the form of personal knowledge grids (where an individual can coordinate an array of resources to support the capturing and sharing of knowledge at the personal level), social networks (which there are already abundant tools to help identify the concentration and flow of knowledge), and personal applications (software applications developed/selected by an individual to support his/her daily work tasks yet these applications can also operate independently as well as in conjunction with enterprise KM applications) (Tsui, 2002). Third, KM will become more and more “on-demand” (or “just-in-time”). Large-scale long-term KM programs still exist but, at the same time, organizations realize that they need to become more agile and adaptive in order to capitalize on strategic opportunities (Lewis, 2002; Morey, 2001; Davenport and Glaser, 2002; Snowden, 2002; Snowden, 2003).
URL:
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/13673270510584198
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